Brain MRI

治療概述

腦部磁振造影(MRI)是一種非侵入性影像檢查技術,利用強大磁場與無線電波產生詳細的腦部三維影像。其主要目的是協助醫師診斷腦部結構異常、病變或功能性異常,常見應用包含腦瘤、中風、神經退化性疾病等的評估。

與傳統X光或電腦斷層(CT)不同,MRI無電離輻射,能提供更高解析度的軟組織影像,特別適合觀察腦部微小結構變化。檢查時間通常為30分鐘至1小時,患者需保持靜止並遵守掃描室的安全規範。

治療類型與機制

MRI分為解剖結構成像與功能性成像兩大類。結構性MRI使用T1、T2加權序列,可顯示腦室形狀、腦組織密度及病灶位置。功能性MRI(fMRI)則追蹤血流變化,用於腦功能區域定位,如語言或運動中樞。

其運作原理是利用氫原子核在磁場中的共振現象,配合電腦演算法重建三維影像。特殊造影劑如 gadolinium 可注射以強化病變組織對比,但約0.1%患者可能對造影劑過敏需提前告知。

適應症

  • 腦部腫瘤或囊腫的定位與大小評估
  • 中風後腦組織壞死範圍與血流代謝變化
  • 多發性硬化症的腦白質病灶追蹤
  • 癲癇病灶定位與癡呆症早期篩檢

亦適用於先天性腦血管異常(如動脈瘤)、腦炎或腦脊液循環障礙等診斷。在評估顱內壓升高或脊髓病變時,MRI能提供CT無法顯示的組織細節。

使用方式與劑量

患者需先移除所有金屬物品,包含牙科修復物、電子設備等。檢查時需平躺於掃描管內,噪音分貝高達110分貝,可提供耳塞或耳罩降低干擾。檢查時間依掃描範圍而定,複雜病例可能需1.5T至3T不同場強的儀器。

造影劑使用劑量依體重計算,成人通常為0.1mmol/kg。兒童或腎功能不全者需調整劑量,嚴重腎衰竭患者可能禁忌使用含 gadolinium 的造影劑。

效益與優點

  • 無電離輻射,適合重複檢查追蹤病程
  • 軟組織對比度高,能發現毫米級病灶
  • 多角度重建功能可三維立體顯示病變

功能性MRI能動態觀察腦區活動,對癲癇發作源定位或手術前功能區保存規劃有關鍵作用。與CT相比,MRI在偵測腦萎縮或脫髓鞘疾病上敏感度高出40%以上。

風險與副作用

絕大多數患者無明顯副作用,但約3-5%的患者會因幽閉症產生焦慮。極少數案例可能出现造影劑誘發的腎源性系統性纖維化(NSF),尤其腎功能不全者風險增加。

重要風險: 心臟起搏器、金屬植入物或妊娠初期患者需嚴格禁忌。檢查期間移動可能導致影像模糊,嚴重者需接受重複檢查。

注意事項與禁忌症

  • 禁忌症:內置電子醫療裝置(如起搏器)、金屬人工耳蜗、開放式骨折金屬固定物
  • 特殊注意:妊娠中後期需評估必要性,幽閉症患者可選擇開放式MRI或使用鎮定劑

患者需如實告知醫療史,包括過去手術史、植入物類型及藥物過敏史。檢查前48小時需停用特定抗凝血劑(如 warfarin)若需併用造影劑。

与其他治療的相互作用

MRI本身不直接與藥物相互作用,但某些藥物可能影響病灶顯影。例如,類固醇治療可能讓炎性病變在影像上顯得較不明顯。接受化療患者若需追蹤腫瘤,MRI能提供比CT更精確的腫瘤邊界評估。

術前評估時,MRI與CT常結合使用:MRI顯示組織變化,CT則用於急性出血診斷。放射線治療規劃時,MRI影像可協助標定靶區範圍。

治療效果與證據

多項臨床研究顯示,MRI在腦腫瘤診斷準確率達95%以上,尤其在區分良惡性腫瘤時優於CT。2018年NEJM研究證實,MRI在多發性硬化症的病灶數量與體積評估上,敏感度較CT高3倍。

在癡呆症診斷中,MRI的海馬體萎縮評估可提前2-3年預測阿茲海默症進展。國際神經放射學會將MRI列為腦血管畸形、腦炎的首選影像檢查方式。

替代方案

電腦斷層掃描(CT)雖然檢查時間較短且成本較低,但輻射暴露量高且軟組織對比度不足。正子造影(PET)能顯示代謝活性,但空間解析度不如MRI。超音波檢查受限於顱骨阻隔,無法穿透頭顱進行腦部檢查。

開放式MRI適合幽閉症患者,但影像解析度略低。功能性近紅外線光譜分析(fNIRS)雖無金屬禁忌,但診斷範圍與精確度仍不及MRI。

 

Alright, I need to create five FAQ questions and answers about the treatment of Brain MRI in Traditional Chinese. Let me start by understanding the user's requirements. The user specified that the questions should focus on practical aspects like treatment administration, managing side effects, lifestyle considerations, recovery, and success rates. They also want to avoid any basic definitions since those are covered in the main article. First, I should brainstorm different angles. Let's see: preparation steps for the MRI, what to do if claustrophobic, safety during the procedure, post-examination care, and effectiveness of the MRI. That covers different areas without overlapping. For the first question, maybe ask about preparation steps. Patients might wonder what they need to do before the scan. The answer should mention things like removing metal objects, informing about implants, and possible sedatives for anxiety. Next, claustrophobia is a common concern. How to handle that? The answer can include options like open MRI machines, relaxation techniques, and sedation if needed. That addresses a practical issue many patients face. Then, safety during the procedure. People might worry about the magnetic field affecting implants or pregnancy. The answer should clarify safety protocols for these cases, emphasizing the need to inform the staff beforehand. Post-examination care is another area. Since MRI doesn't use radiation, recovery is straightforward. The answer can note that normal activities can resume immediately, but follow-up with the doctor is important. Lastly, effectiveness and accuracy. Patients want to know if the MRI will provide clear results. The answer should highlight the high-resolution images and factors that ensure accuracy, like staying still and following instructions. I need to ensure each question is unique and covers different aspects. Let me check for overlap. Preparation, claustrophobia management, safety for implants/pregnancy, post-care, and effectiveness. All distinct topics. Now, phrasing each question in Traditional Chinese using tags and answers in

tags. Make sure to avoid any English terms and use proper medical terminology in Chinese. Also, keep answers concise but informative, 2-4 sentences each. Wait, the user mentioned "treatment" but Brain MRI is a diagnostic tool, not a treatment. Hmm, maybe they meant the procedure itself. I should confirm that the FAQs are about the MRI procedure, not treatment for a disease. The user's instruction says "treatment Brain MRI", which might be a translation error. Since MRI is diagnostic, I'll proceed under the assumption that they meant the procedure's aspects. Double-check the guidelines: avoid numbering, no basic questions, focus on practical info. The questions I have fit. Now, translating each point into proper Traditional Chinese with correct medical terms. Ensure terms like "MRI" are translated as "磁共振成像 (MRI)" but since the user said to use the translated disease name, perhaps just "腦部磁共振成像" consistently. Also, check that each answer is unique and adds new info. Alright, I think this structure meets all the requirements. Time to put it all together in the correct HTML format without any markdown.

常見問題

進行腦部磁共振成像(MRI)前需要做哪些準備?

在接受檢查前,患者需移除所有金屬物品(如珠寶、髮夾),並提前告知醫護人員是否有電子植入物(如心律調節器)或金屬異物。若對密閉空間感到焦慮,可事先與醫師討論使用輕微鎮定劑。此外,需空腹4-6小時(若需注射造影劑)。

claustrophobia患者如何應對MRI的密閉環境?

claustrophobia患者可選擇「開放式MRI機」以減少封閉感,或在檢查前服用醫師開具的輕度鎮定劑。檢查中可透過耳機收聽音樂,並隨時以對講機與技術人員保持聯繫,確保舒適與安全性。

MRI檢查對電子植入物或妊娠是否安全?

MRI的強磁場可能影響電子植入物(如人工心臟瓣膜)的正常功能,因此需事前告知醫療團隊。妊娠婦女通常建議避免檢查,除非診斷必要且醫師評估利大於弊。特殊案例需個別評估安全風險。

MRI檢查後是否需要特別休養?

MRI檢查無創傷且不使用放射線,檢查後可立即恢復日常活動。若使用了鎮定劑,需安排他人接送並暫停駕駛。若注射含鈷造影劑,應多喝水加速代謝,並留意24小時內是否出現皮膚紅疹等過敏反應。

MRI影像的準確性受哪些因素影響?

MRI準確性取決於患者是否保持靜止、呼吸控制能力,以及檢查前是否遵循醫囑(如禁食)。高階MRI機器的解析度可達0.1毫米,但需配合技術人員的專業操作與患者配合度,以確保影像清晰無模糊。