Orbital decompression

治療概述

眼眶減壓術是一種外科手術,用以增加眼窩容積以緩解眼球前凸(突眼症)及視神經壓迫問題。此手術主要針對因病理性因素導致眼窩空間不足的患者,如格雷夫氏眼病(甲狀腺眼病)所引起的嚴重眼球突出或視力威脅。

手術原理在於移除部分眼眶骨壁或脂肪組織,使眼球能退回正常位置,減輕對視神經的壓力。此治療可避免永久性視力損傷,並改善患者外觀及眼部功能。

治療類型與機制

根據手術方式可分為三種類型:

  • 骨切除減壓術:移除眼眶內側或下側骨壁,擴大眼窩空間
  • 脂肪切除減壓術:移除眼窩內過多脂肪以降低組織壓力
  • 聯合式減壓術:結合骨與脂肪切除的綜合治療

手術機制主要透過減少眼窩內壓力分布,使眼球位置回復正常軌道。針對甲狀腺眼病患者,此手術可有效防止視神經萎縮及角膜暴露等併發症。

適應症

主要適用於:

  • 甲狀腺眼病導致眼球突出超過18mm(以Hertel量尺測量)
  • 視神經受壓引起視力進行性下降
  • 角膜暴露導致嚴重乾眼症或潰瘍
  • 非手術治療(如類固醇、放射線治療)效果不佳者

需由眼科及內分泌科醫師共同評估,確認病程已進入穩定期後方進行手術,以確保療效穩定。

使用方式與劑量

手術通常在全身麻醉下進行,時間約2-4小時。外科醫師會經由結膜或皮膚切口進入眼窩,依病情選擇移除骨壁或脂肪的範圍。術後需使用抗生素眼藥水及類固醇藥物控制腫脹。

單側或雙側手術取決於病情嚴重程度,雙側手術可能需分階段進行。術後需定期追蹤視力及眼壓變化,並注意頭部抬高以減少腫脹。

效益與優點

主要療效包括:

  • 視力保護:預防視神經永久性損傷
  • 外觀改善:減少眼球突出的異常外觀
  • 症狀緩解:降低眼壓及眼球疼痛

相比藥物治療,手術可直接解決結構性問題,對嚴重病例有更即時的療效。但需注意此為永久性手術,需在其他治療無效時考慮。

風險與副作用

可能併發症包括:

  • 感染或出血
  • 眼球運動障礙或復視
  • 視網膜剝離或視力永久損傷
  • 眼窩結構永久性改變

嚴重風險: 眶內出血可能導致急性視神經壓迫,需立即就醫。術後可能出現永久性眼球位置不對稱,需由醫師評估風險效益。

注意事項與禁忌症

禁忌症包含:

  • 甲狀腺功能未控制穩定者
  • 活動性感染或凝血功能異常
  • 嚴重心肺疾病無法承受手術者

術前需詳細檢查甲狀腺功能、視神經功能及眼窩結構。手術後需嚴格遵守護理指示,避免提重物或劇烈運動至少六週。

與其他治療的相互作用

常與藥物治療結合使用,如術前使用免疫抑制劑或類固醇控制炎症。放射線治療可能影響組織修復,需間隔至少6個月後再進行手術。

與抗凝血藥物(如華法林)需調整使用時機,以降低術中出血風險。需由多科團隊共同制定治療計畫。

治療效果與證據

臨床研究顯示,手術可使70-90%患者視力得到改善,眼球突出度平均減少3-5mm。長期追蹤顯示視神經萎縮風險降低60%以上。

對視力威脅性病例,手術可使視力完全恢復率高達85%。但外觀改善程度因個體差異而不同,需與患者充分溝通預期效果。

替代方案

非手術選擇包括:

  • 高劑量類固醇脈衝療法
  • 抗發炎藥物(如妥珠單抗)
  • 放射線治療緩解炎症

觀察等待策略僅適用於輕微症狀且病程穩定者。替代方案需根據病程階段及患者整體健康狀態選擇。

 

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常見問題

手術前需要做哪些準備?

患者需先接受詳細的眼部影像檢查(如電腦斷層掃描或磁振造影),以評估眼窩結構與病變程度。醫師會評估全身健康狀況,並說明手術風險與可能併發症。手術前3至7天需停用抗凝血藥物,並遵醫囑調整血糖或血壓等基礎疾病控制。

術後眼睛腫脹多久會消退?該如何緩解?

術後眼周腫脹通常持續1至2週,嚴重時可能延長至1個月。建議術後24小時內冰敷減輕腫脹,並保持頭部抬高姿勢休息。若出現劇烈疼痛或視力急遽下降,應立即就醫。

術後多久能恢復日常活動?需注意哪些禁忌?

輕度活動如散步可於術後1週開始,但需避免提重物或劇烈運動至少3週。患者應避免揉眼、游泳或接觸刺激性氣味,以防感染或傷口裂開。完全恢復視力與外觀效果通常需3至6個月。

影響手術成功率的主要因素有哪些?

成功率與病患的病情嚴重程度、手術方式選擇及執行精密度高度相關。早期接受治療且病變範圍較局限的患者效果較佳。醫師經驗與術前精準評估眼窩結構,也是降低併發症與提高療效的關鍵。

手術後為什麼需要定期接受影像檢查?

術後追蹤性影像檢查(如MRI或CT)用以評估眼眶結構恢復情形,並監測病變是否復發。若患者合併有甲状腺眼疾等基礎疾病,定期追蹤可協助醫師調整免疫治療或放射治療的併用策略。