Malaria

治療概述

疟疾是由疟原蟲寄生於紅血球所引起的傳染病,治療目標在殺滅寄生蟲、緩解症狀並預防併發症。主要依賴抗疟疾藥物,治療方案需根據感染的疟原蟲種類(如恶性疟原蟲、間日疟原蟲)及患者年齡、懷孕狀態等調整。及時治療可顯著降低死亡率,尤其對恶性疟原蟲感染需視為急診處理。

治療類型與機制

治療分為「抗疟疾藥物」與「支持性療法」兩大類。抗疟藥主要透過抑制寄生蟲在紅血球內的複製或破壞其代謝,如青蒿素衍生物(Artemisinin)可誘發自由基破壞寄生蟲胞膜。複合療法(如ACT)結合不同機轉藥物,可降低抗藥性風險。支持性治療包括補液、退燒及針對嚴重病例的呼吸與循環支援。

適應症

適用於確認或疑似疟疾感染的患者,尤其在流行地區旅遊史或蚊蟲叮咬史者。間日疟原蟲感染需搭配伯氨喹啉(Primaquine)根治肝臟期蟲體。妊娠期女性需選擇對胎兒安全的藥物,如奎寧(Quinine)與多西サイクリン。重症病例如腦型疟疾需立即住院並使用静脉注射藥物。

使用方式與劑量

口服藥物如青蒿琥酯(Artesunate)成人劑量為4mg/kg首日,分2-3次服用;奎寧則為600-720mg/日分多次服用。重症患者以青蒿素静脉注射,每12小時一次直至症狀緩解。伯氨quine需在急性期後使用,成人通常為0.5-1.5mg/kg每日,持續14天。

效益與優點

  • 青蒿素複合療法(ACT)可將重症率降低90%以上
  • 多種藥物組合減緩抗藥性產生
  • 口服藥物方便性高,適合社區層級治療

風險與副作用

常見副作用包括噁心、腹瀉及頭痛。奎寧可能誘發溶血性貧血或耳鳴,長期使用需監測聽力。伯氨quine可能導致溶血危象,G6PD缺乏症患者禁用。極少數患者可能產生肝酶異常,需定期抽血追蹤。

注意事項與禁忌症

禁忌症:伯氨quine禁忌於G6PD缺乏者;妊娠早期避免使用某些抗疟藥如氯喹(Chloroquine)以外的藥物。使用前需確認患者是否有藥物過敏史,嚴重肝腎功能不全者需調整劑量。接受治療後仍需持續防蚊叮咬以防再感染。

与其他治療的相互作用

與抗酸劑(如制酸劑)同服可能降低奎寧吸收,需間隔2小時服用。青蒿素與抗凝血劑華法林合併使用會增強出血風險。服用多西サイクリン時應避免陽光曝曬,因可能誘發光敏感性皮膚炎。

治療效果與證據

世界衛生組織(WHO)數據顯示,ACT療法在72小時內可清除95%以上血症期寄生蟲。2010年代後的治療成功案例中,及時使用ACT組的死亡率較單一藥物治療低60%。基因型藥物敏感性檢測可協助選擇有效藥物,尤其在抗藥性流行地區。

替代方案

對青蒿素抗藥性地區可改用多藥物聯合療法(如Artesunate + Mefloquine)。氯喹仍可用於未產生抗藥性之地區如加勒比海。重症患者若無法使用青蒿素,可改用奎寧搭配克林霉素(Clindamycin)。疫苗接種(如 RTS,S 疫苗)可用於預防但非治療用途。

 

Okay, I need to create 5 FAQ questions and answers about the treatment of malaria in Traditional Chinese. Let me start by understanding the user's requirements. They want practical aspects covered, not definitions. The main points are treatment administration, managing side effects, lifestyle during treatment, recovery, and success rates. First, I should avoid any questions about what malaria is or its causes. The questions should be unique and cover different areas. Let me brainstorm possible questions. 1. How is the medication taken during treatment? Maybe about the correct administration method and timing. 2. What are the common side effects and how to manage them? This covers managing side effects. 3. What precautions should be taken to prevent relapse after treatment? That's about recovery and follow-up. 4. How long does treatment typically last, and when can the patient resume normal activities? This addresses duration and recovery timeline. 5. What are the challenges in treating drug-resistant cases? This touches on treatment success and alternatives. Now, I need to ensure each question is distinct and covers different aspects. Let me check for overlap. The first question is about medication administration, the second about side effects, third about preventing relapse, fourth about recovery time, and fifth about drug resistance. That seems diverse. Next, phrasing each question in Traditional Chinese using tags and answers in

tags. Make sure the answers are concise but informative, around 3-4 sentences. Also, use the correct medical terms in Traditional Chinese, like "疟疾" for malaria. For the first question: 強制服用抗瘧藥物時,需注意哪些用藥時機和方法? The answer should mention taking with food, completing the course, and consulting a doctor for vomiting. Second question: 抗瘧藥物可能引致哪些副作用?如何緩解? Answer includes gastrointestinal issues, allergic reactions, and management steps. Third question: 療程結束後,如何預防疟疾復發? Emphasize follow-up tests, avoiding mosquitoes, and completing treatment even after symptoms subside. Fourth question: 完成治療後,患者需要休息多久才能恢復正常活動? Suggests 1-2 weeks, gradual resumption, and monitoring symptoms. Fifth question: 對於抗瘧藥物產生抗藥性的個案,治療上有哪些挑戰? Discusses longer treatment, combination therapies, and the importance of medical guidance. Check for consistency in terminology, no English, and proper HTML tags. Ensure no numbering and each question is unique. Also, verify that the answers are not overlapping in content. All set, time to format properly in HTML as specified.

常見問題

強制服用抗瘧藥物時,需注意哪些用藥時機和方法?

抗瘧藥物通常需配合餐後服用以減少胃腸不適,且必須完整完成 entire course of treatment,即使症狀緩解後仍不可中斷。若服藥後嘔吐,應立即聯繫醫師調整用藥時機或劑量,避免抗藥性產生。

抗瘧藥物可能引致哪些副作用?如何緩解?

常見副作用包括噁心、腹瀉或頭暈,嚴重時可能出現皮膚疹或肝功能異常。輕微不適可透過分次服藥或搭配胃藥緩解;若出現過敏反應或持續嘔吐,應立即停藥並就醫。

療程結束後,如何預防疟疾復發?

部分瘧原蟲(如卵形蟲)可能在肝臟潛伏,完成治療後需遵醫囑追加預防性藥物(如primaquine),並定期接受血液檢查。此外,持續使用防蚊措施至恢復期結束,以避免再感染。

完成治療後,患者需要休息多久才能恢復正常活動?

輕度症狀患者通常需休息1至2週,待肝腎功能恢復後可逐漸恢復活動。若曾出現嚴重併發症(如昏迷或腎衰竭),需經醫師評估後才能逐步恢復體力活動,避免過度疲勞。

對於抗瘧藥物產生抗藥性的個案,治療上有哪些挑戰?

抗藥性病例需改用複方藥物(如artemisinin combination therapies, ACTs)或增加治療週期,可能伴隨更高副作用風險。醫師會根據感染地區的抗藥性監測數據,選擇最有效的治療方案,患者需嚴格遵循用藥指示。