Liposuction is a surgical procedure that uses minimally invasive techniques to remove excess subcutaneous fat to improve body contours. It primarily targets localized fat deposits, such as the abdomen, thighs, or flanks, which are difficult to eliminate through exercise or diet. This procedure is suitable for patients with a normal or near-normal BMI but with specific fat accumulation issues and is not a weight-loss method for overweight individuals.
The surgery involves destroying fat cells with a suction device or specialized instruments and extracting them. It must be performed in an operating room environment, usually under local or general anesthesia. Postoperative compression garments are required to assist recovery, and results typically become apparent within three months.
Liposuction techniques include traditional suction-assisted liposuction (SAL), ultrasound-assisted liposuction (UAL), and laser-assisted liposuction (LAL). The traditional method directly removes fat using a suction cannula, suitable for large areas of fat. Ultrasound technology first uses sound waves to break down fat cells, reducing damage to surrounding tissues.
Laser-assisted liposuction (LAL) heats and liquefies fat with laser energy, promoting skin contraction. The choice of technique depends on the characteristics of the target area and the surgeon's experience. For example, laser technology may be more suitable for patients with good skin elasticity.
Main indications include localized fat deposits, skin laxity with good elasticity, or genetic fat distribution irregularities. Common application sites include the abdomen, inner thighs, neck, and buttock folds. The procedure cannot replace weight loss and is not suitable for patients with high BMI or severe obesity.
It is also suitable for fat deposits caused by pregnancy or weight fluctuations, provided the patient is in good health without significant chronic diseases. Surgeons will assess skin elasticity to determine whether to combine skin tightening procedures.
The procedure involves local or general anesthesia. The surgeon makes small incisions in the skin to insert the cannula into the subcutaneous fat layer. Typically, 500 to 3000 cc of fat is removed per session, depending on the treatment area and patient physique. Excessive removal may increase the risk of complications.
The operation duration ranges from 1 to 4 hours; complex cases may require staged procedures. Postoperative care includes compression bandaging and regular follow-up. Recovery usually takes about 1 to 2 weeks, but full recovery may take several months.
Provides immediate improvement for specific fat deposits, with higher patient satisfaction compared to weight loss alone. However, results vary depending on skin elasticity, and overexpectation may lead to dissatisfaction.
Common side effects include bruising, swelling, and temporary sensory abnormalities. About 5-10% of patients may experience skin irregularities or dimpling. Serious complications include infections, thrombosis, or fat embolism, which are rare but potentially fatal.
Contraindications include bleeding disorders, uncontrolled diabetes, severe cardiopulmonary diseases, and patients under 18 or with unstable body weight. Preoperative requirements include discontinuing anticoagulants like aspirin and conducting comprehensive health assessments.
Postoperative care mandates strict adherence to compression dressings and activity restrictions, avoiding vigorous exercise for at least one month. Smokers should quit smoking for at least two weeks to reduce complication risks.
Preoperative use of anticoagulants should be adjusted, such as discontinuing vitamin E or fish oil supplements. When combined with procedures like breast augmentation or abdominoplasty, anesthesia risks and recovery periods should be evaluated.
There is no direct interaction with subcutaneous fillers (e.g., hyaluronic acid), but a minimum interval of six months is recommended to prevent tissue damage.
Long-term follow-up studies show that 80% of patients retain significant contour improvements after one year. The American Society of Plastic Surgeons reports a reduction in fat cell number postoperatively, although remaining cells may expand with weight gain.
Short-term results are stable, but long-term outcomes depend on lifestyle. Studies indicate that weight gain within one year post-surgery may affect final results.
Non-surgical options include cryolipolysis (CoolSculpting), radiofrequency lipolysis, and high-frequency electromagnetic treatments. These techniques are effective for small areas but have weaker results than surgery and often require multiple sessions.
Exercise and dietary control are fundamental but limited in effect for specific fat deposits. Non-invasive therapies are less costly but have uncertain efficacy, and individual circumstances should guide the choice.
Preoperative evaluation includes a comprehensive physical exam, blood tests, cardiopulmonary assessments, and skin elasticity tests. The surgeon will evaluate suitability based on weight, fat distribution, and medical history, and inform about potential risks. Patients who smoke or take specific medications (e.g., anticoagulants) should adjust their regimen beforehand to reduce complications.
How long do swelling and bruising last after surgery?Postoperative swelling and bruising typically last 2 to 6 weeks, depending on the treatment scope and individual recovery. Wearing compression garments for 4 to 6 weeks and applying ice packs, along with avoiding strenuous activities, can help reduce swelling. If swelling persists beyond 6 weeks, prompt follow-up is recommended.
When can normal activities resume after surgery?Light activities such as walking can usually begin 1 to 2 weeks post-surgery, but lifting heavy objects or bending should be avoided. High-intensity exercises like weight training or running are generally recommended after 4 to 6 weeks. Surgeons will tailor advice based on recovery progress, as premature exercise may cause hematomas or skin irregularities.
Is skin unevenness common after liposuction?Skin irregularities (often called peau d'orange or wavy surface) can occur after liposuction, but modern techniques (such as ultrasound-assisted or microcannula methods) have significantly reduced this risk. If noticeable after 3 to 6 months, secondary procedures or radiofrequency treatments can improve the appearance. Choosing experienced surgeons and following post-care instructions can minimize this complication.
How does liposuction affect long-term weight fluctuations?The fat cells removed do not regenerate, but if postoperative diet and exercise are poor, remaining fat in other areas may increase. Results can last over ten years, but maintaining a stable weight is recommended for long-term success. Surgeons often advise patients with BMI over 25 to lose weight first before surgery to enhance safety and outcomes.
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