The Poliovirus Vaccine (Poliomyelitis Vaccine) is a biological agent used to prevent infection by the poliovirus. This vaccine induces active immunity by stimulating the body to produce antibodies that block the virus from invading the nervous system, thereby preventing serious consequences such as muscle atrophy, paralysis, or even respiratory failure caused by the virus.
It is globally recognized as a key measure for the eradication of poliomyelitis. The World Health Organization recommends vaccination for all children, especially in endemic areas or high-risk groups, with vaccination protocols strictly implemented in accordance with national immunization programs.
Currently, there are two main types: Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine (IPV) and Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (OPV). IPV requires intramuscular injection, typically in the thigh or buttocks, while OPV is administered orally. Both contain inactivated or weakened viruses that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies.
After vaccination, B lymphocytes recognize viral antigens and produce neutralizing antibodies. The formation of memory cells enables the immune system to respond rapidly upon future exposure to the virus, providing long-term protection. This process can interrupt virus transmission among people, achieving herd immunity.
The vaccine is mainly used to prevent poliovirus infection and related complications. Suitable candidates include: routine vaccination for infants aged 0-6 years, booster doses before international travel, and emergency vaccination in conflict zones or endemic areas.
For contacts of poliomyelitis patients or immunocompromised individuals, physicians may adjust the vaccination schedule to enhance protection. The vaccine is also suitable for individuals who have been infected but did not develop sufficient immunity.
The method of administration depends on the vaccine type: IPV requires intramuscular injection, usually in the thigh or buttocks; OPV is given as an oral liquid. Currently, in Taiwan, a mixed schedule of IPV and OPV is primarily used.
The schedule includes three primary doses at 2, 4, and 6 months of age, with booster doses administered at 18 months or before school entry. Dosage is adjusted according to age, with adults typically receiving a 0.5 ml single dose booster.
This vaccine has helped eliminate poliomyelitis in 99% of countries worldwide in the 2010s. Taiwan has not seen indigenous cases since 1995, demonstrating its effectiveness.
Common side effects include redness, swelling at the injection site, mild fever, or fatigue, usually resolving within 2-3 days. Rarely, allergic reactions such as difficulty breathing or skin redness may occur, requiring immediate medical attention.
Serious but rare adverse effects include vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV), which mainly occurs in immunodeficient patients after receiving OPV. Therefore, immunocompromised individuals should preferentially receive IPV to reduce risk.
Contraindications include severe allergy to vaccine components, acute severe illness, or neurological complications following previous vaccination. Before vaccination, individuals should inform healthcare providers of any allergies or health conditions.
Receiving OPV during early pregnancy may increase fetal risk; thus, pregnant women should avoid live vaccines and consider vaccination postpartum.
When administered simultaneously with tetanus or diphtheria vaccines, injection sites should be separated. After receiving immune globulin, a minimum interval of 28 days is recommended before administering OPV to prevent antibody neutralization of the vaccine.
Patients undergoing chemotherapy or corticosteroid therapy should inform their physicians to evaluate immune response efficacy. HIV-infected individuals may require additional doses to ensure adequate protection.
Clinical trials show that complete vaccination provides up to 99% protection. Globally, cases of poliomyelitis have decreased from 350,000 in 1988 to single digits in 2023, confirming its public health benefits.
Long-term follow-up studies indicate that even if vaccinated individuals are exposed to the virus, over 95% can prevent infection. Vaccine antibodies can also be transmitted through breast milk, providing additional protection for infants.
Individuals with severe allergies to vaccine components may consider delaying vaccination and undergoing close monitoring. Immunodeficient patients who cannot receive OPV should use IPV to ensure safety.
During vaccine shortages, monovalent vaccines can temporarily replace multivalent vaccines, but subsequent doses should be completed to maintain immunity.
Mild redness or pain at the injection site is common. Local cold compresses can relieve discomfort, and observation for 1-2 days is recommended. If redness exceeds 5 cm, fever persists over 48 hours, or symptoms like difficulty breathing occur, seek medical evaluation immediately. It is advised to avoid scratching the injection site within 24 hours post-vaccination and keep it clean to prevent infection.
Can the poliovirus vaccine be administered simultaneously with other pediatric vaccines?According to health guidelines, the poliovirus vaccine can be given concurrently with vaccines for diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, etc., but different injection sites should be used for tracking reactions. If the child has recent acute illness or immune system abnormalities, the doctor may recommend delaying or adjusting the schedule, following professional medical advice.
How long does protection last after completing the primary vaccination series? Is a booster necessary?The immune memory from oral (OPV) and injectable (IPV) vaccines can last several years. However, to ensure herd immunity, some countries recommend an additional dose during adolescence or adulthood. The timing depends on local epidemiology and travel history; consulting a family doctor regularly is advised.
Can children undergoing chemotherapy receive the poliovirus vaccine?Immunocompromised children (such as those on chemotherapy) are generally advised to receive IPV rather than OPV, as IPV contains no live virus and is safer. However, this should be evaluated by the treating physician based on current treatment efficacy and immune status. Post-vaccination monitoring for immunosuppression symptoms is necessary.
Is the risk of contracting poliomyelitis high after vaccination?After completing the full vaccination series, the protection against paralytic poliomyelitis exceeds 90%. Rare breakthrough infections are often related to genetic mutations of vaccine strains or individual immune responses. Even after vaccination, maintaining personal hygiene, avoiding contact with suspected cases, and reporting abnormal symptoms through government disease surveillance systems are recommended.
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