The COVID-19 protein subunit vaccine is a type of vaccine targeting the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), designed to stimulate the body's immune system to produce a specific immune response, thereby preventing infection or reducing symptoms.
This type of vaccine uses viral protein subunits as antigens to guide the immune system to recognize and attack the infected virus, without introducing whole virus particles, thus offering a higher safety profile.
COVID-19 protein subunit vaccines belong to the category of subunit vaccines. Their core mechanism involves using viral surface proteins (such as the spike protein S) as antigens.
After injection into the body, the antigens are taken up and processed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the immune system, then presented on cell surfaces, activating T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, leading to the production of specific antibodies and memory cells against the antigen.
The COVID-19 protein subunit vaccine is primarily used to prevent COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2, including mild, moderate, and severe cases.
This vaccine is suitable for individuals aged 16 and above and can be used in high-risk populations such as healthcare workers, individuals with chronic illnesses, and the elderly.
The COVID-19 protein subunit vaccine is typically administered via intramuscular injection, recommended in the deltoid muscle of the upper arm.
The standard dosage usually involves two doses, with the interval depending on the specific product and public health policies, generally 3 to 4 weeks apart.
The COVID-19 protein subunit vaccine is generally well tolerated, but mild side effects may occur, including pain, redness, swelling at the injection site, low-grade fever, and fatigue.
Rarely, allergic reactions such as facial swelling and difficulty breathing may occur. It is recommended to observe the individual for 30 minutes post-vaccination.
Individuals with a history of severe allergic reactions should avoid the vaccine, especially if they have had serious allergic responses to vaccine components or similar vaccines.
Pregnant women, breastfeeding women, and immunocompromised individuals should receive the vaccine under medical guidance.
Currently, there is no clear evidence that the COVID-19 protein subunit vaccine interacts significantly with other medications. However, it is recommended to inform healthcare providers of current medications prior to vaccination.
Clinical trial data indicate that the vaccine has an efficacy rate of over 90% in preventing COVID-19 symptoms.
Other types of COVID-19 vaccines, such as mRNA vaccines and viral vector vaccines, can be selected based on individual health conditions and medical advice.
The majority of side effects are mild and temporary, such as pain at the injection site, fatigue, or mild fever. To manage these side effects effectively, it is recommended to drink plenty of water, rest adequately within 24 to 48 hours after vaccination, and consider taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ibuprofen) to relieve discomfort. If side effects persist or worsen, seek medical attention promptly.
Why does the COVID-19 protein subunit vaccine require two doses?The two-dose regimen ensures that the body produces sufficient antibodies to combat the virus. The first dose primarily stimulates initial immune recognition, while the second dose significantly boosts antibody levels and efficacy, providing stronger protection. The interval between doses is usually 3 to 4 weeks for optimal immune response.
How long after vaccination can I resume normal activities?Most individuals can resume daily activities within hours after vaccination, but it is advisable to avoid strenuous exercise or overexertion within 24 hours. If severe side effects occur, pause work or study and seek medical attention. Generally, side effects subside within 2 to 3 days, and normal life can be restored.
How effective is the COVID-19 protein subunit vaccine?The effectiveness has been confirmed in multiple clinical trials, showing a significant reduction in the risk of severe infection and hospitalization. The protection rate usually exceeds 90% after completing two doses, especially in preventing severe illness and death. However, with the emergence of variants, vaccine efficacy may decrease, making booster doses important for long-term protection.
Do I need to continue preventive measures after vaccination?Even after receiving the COVID-19 protein subunit vaccine, it is still necessary to follow preventive measures to reduce infection risk. This includes wearing masks, maintaining social distancing, practicing good hand hygiene, and avoiding high-risk areas. While the vaccine provides effective protection, it cannot completely eliminate the risk of infection, especially with circulating variants. Therefore, comprehensive protective measures remain essential.
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