Anti-inflammatory drugs are a class of medications used to suppress inflammatory responses and reduce tissue damage. They are primarily used to treat various inflammation-related diseases. By regulating inflammatory mediators within the body, these drugs can alleviate symptoms such as redness, swelling, heat, and pain, and prevent long-term inflammation from leading to tissue fibrosis or organ damage. Based on their mechanisms of action and side effect profiles, anti-inflammatory drugs can be categorized into non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and biologic agents.
NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes to block prostaglandin synthesis, achieving anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Corticosteroids like Prednisolone directly suppress inflammatory signaling pathways and reduce cytokine release. Biologic agents, such as TNF-α monoclonal antibodies, target specific inflammatory pathways for precise blockade.
Suitable for acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and post-surgical tissue swelling. They are also used in managing symptoms of acute trauma, post-infection inflammation, or allergic dermatitis. Some drugs, like corticosteroids, can treat autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis or systemic lupus erythematosus.
Oral formulations such as tablets or capsules are the most common administration methods, with NSAIDs typically taken 2-3 times daily. Corticosteroids can be administered orally, via injection, or topically; long-term use requires adherence to a "tapering" protocol. Biologics often require subcutaneous or intravenous injections, with dosages adjusted based on body weight or disease severity.
Main benefits include rapid pain relief, improved joint mobility, and slowing disease progression. NSAIDs are relatively safe for mild inflammation control, while biologic agents target specific inflammatory pathways, reducing systemic side effects. Topical applications such as eye drops or creams can minimize systemic absorption and enhance treatment precision.
Common side effects include gastrointestinal discomfort, dizziness, and edema. Long-term use of corticosteroids may lead to osteoporosis or hyperglycemia, while biologics may increase infection risk. Attention should be paid to serious adverse effects such as gastrointestinal bleeding, immunosuppression, or cardiovascular events. Regular monitoring of liver and kidney functions is recommended.
Contraindications include a history of gastric ulcers, severe liver or kidney dysfunction, and uncontrolled hypertension. Pregnant women, especially in later pregnancy, should avoid certain NSAIDs. Corticosteroids may affect fetal growth. During treatment, alcohol consumption should be avoided, and patients should inform their healthcare provider about other ongoing therapies.
Concurrent use with anticoagulants may increase bleeding risk, while combining with diuretics could reduce diuretic efficacy. When used with immunosuppressants, close monitoring of immune suppression levels is necessary. If antacids are used alongside NSAIDs, timing adjustments may be required.
Clinical trials show that NSAIDs achieve over 70% relief in acute gout attacks, and corticosteroids can reach up to 85% efficacy in systemic inflammatory diseases. Long-term studies confirm that biologics can delay joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment responses vary among individuals and should be evaluated with imaging and blood markers.
Non-pharmacological treatments include physical therapy, cold and heat therapy, and joint protection training. Traditional Chinese medicine such as White Flower Snake Tongue Grass or Thunder God Vine extracts are used in certain cultural contexts. Immunomodulatory drugs like Janus kinase inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies such as IL-6 receptor antagonists serve as alternative options with different mechanisms.
What should I do if I experience stomach discomfort while taking anti-inflammatory drugs?
If you experience symptoms like stomach pain or burning while using NSAIDs, it is recommended to take the medication after meals to reduce irritation. Consult your doctor about the possibility of using gastric mucosal protectants or switching to other types of anti-inflammatory drugs. If symptoms persist, stop the medication and seek medical attention.
Does long-term use of anti-inflammatory drugs affect liver and kidney function?
Some anti-inflammatory drugs may burden liver and kidney functions, especially with prolonged use. Your doctor will adjust dosages based on your age and underlying conditions and regularly monitor liver and kidney function through blood tests. If you have pre-existing liver or kidney issues, your doctor will choose medications with less impact on these organs.
What dietary precautions should I take during anti-inflammatory treatment?
Avoid excessive alcohol intake, as combining some anti-inflammatory drugs with alcohol can worsen gastrointestinal damage. Increase dietary fiber intake and stay well-hydrated to reduce gastrointestinal side effects. A high-sodium diet may exacerbate edema caused by certain medications; therefore, salt intake should be controlled.
What are the main differences between various types of anti-inflammatory drugs?
NSAIDs and corticosteroids differ significantly in their mechanisms and side effects. NSAIDs mainly inhibit inflammatory mediators and are suitable for acute inflammation, while corticosteroids suppress immune responses directly but may cause long-term side effects like blood sugar fluctuations. Emerging drugs like biologics target specific inflammatory pathways and are used for moderate to severe immune-related diseases.
What should I be aware of when using anti-inflammatory drugs with other medications?
Combining with anticoagulants, antihypertensives, or certain antidiabetic drugs can lead to drug interactions. For example, NSAIDs may reduce anticoagulant effects or increase blood pressure. Always inform your healthcare provider about all medications you are taking, including over-the-counter and herbal remedies, to avoid drug interactions or toxicity.
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