Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized primarily by symptoms such as dry mouth, dry eyes, and systemic discomfort. The treatment goal is to alleviate symptoms, prevent complications, and improve quality of life. Currently, there is no cure, but through a multifaceted treatment approach, patients can effectively control the condition.
The treatment plan should be personalized based on the severity of the disease and the affected organ systems. Physicians typically combine pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies and encourage patient participation in daily care. Regular follow-up and assessment of treatment response are essential for adjusting the treatment strategy.
Current treatments are divided into four main areas: symptom relief, immune modulation, management of complications, and supportive therapy. Symptom relief focuses on significant discomfort such as dry mouth and dry eyes; immune modulation aims to control autoimmune responses; and complication management targets organs such as the lungs or kidneys.
The principles of treatment include:
Patients with moderate to severe disease may use corticosteroids or immunosuppressants such as mycophenolic acid and azathioprine. These drugs can suppress immune system activation but require monitoring for hematologic and hepatic side effects.
Biologic agents like rituximab have shown efficacy in clinical trials for specific patients but are not yet first-line treatments. Physicians select medication combinations based on autoantibody profiles and the extent of organ damage.
Antimalarial drugs such as hydroxychloroquine can relieve joint pain and fatigue, often used in combination with other medications. Their mechanism involves modulation of T-cell function, and regular retinal examinations are necessary.
Specific treatments for Sjögren's syndrome, such as lifitegrast eye drops, can regulate lacrimal gland inflammation and improve tear secretion.
Managing local symptoms is fundamental. Artificial tears and alcohol-free eye drops can provide immediate relief from dry eyes; daily use is recommended to maintain ocular surface moisture.
For patients with joint involvement, physical therapists design joint mobility exercises and muscle strengthening routines. Alternating hot and cold compresses can reduce inflammation-related pain.
Respiratory therapy is especially important for lung-involved patients; deep breathing exercises and cough training can improve lung function.
Daily habit adjustments can significantly improve symptoms. Maintain adequate hydration (2-3 liters daily), avoid diuretics such as caffeine and alcohol. Using humidifiers to keep the environment humidity between 40-60% is recommended.
Enhanced oral care includes using fluoride mouthwash to prevent cavities and visiting the dentist every six months. Moisturizing skin with fragrance-free lotions immediately after bathing helps lock in moisture.
A high-fiber diet can prevent digestive issues caused by saliva deficiency, prioritizing soft, easy-to-chew foods. Vitamin B12 and iron supplements should be taken under medical supervision to avoid overdose.
Regular exercise improves overall circulation but should avoid high-intensity activities that cause dehydration. Water-based exercises and yoga are suitable options; electrolytes should be replenished immediately after exercise.
Research focuses on developing new drugs that modulate specific immune pathways. Monoclonal antibodies targeting anti-SSA/SSB antibodies are in clinical trials and may reduce abnormal immune activation.
Regenerative medicine explores mesenchymal stem cell transplantation to repair damaged exocrine glands. Gene therapy targeting specific inflammatory factors is also in experimental stages.
Biomarker-based treatment strategies are emerging, with plans to tailor treatment based on patients' autoantibody profiles and organ damage. Blood biomarker testing can assist physicians in evaluating treatment responses.
Seek immediate medical attention if you experience: persistent worsening of vision, difficulty swallowing affecting eating, unexplained weight loss, or skin purpura. These may indicate disease progression or complications.
If symptoms do not improve within 3-6 months or if severe side effects occur (such as frequent infections or abnormal blood counts), re-evaluate treatment strategies with an immunologist or rheumatologist.
If dry mouth or dry eyes cause severe discomfort, such as difficulty chewing, persistent blurred vision, or a perceived decrease in medication effectiveness, consult your doctor. The doctor may use objective measures (such as saliva secretion tests) or symptom severity scores to assess whether to adjust immunosuppressants or add symptom-relief medications.
What non-drug methods can help relieve dry mouth and dry eyes in daily life?Using preservative-free artificial tears several times daily can improve dry eyes; sugar-free gum can stimulate saliva production and relieve dry mouth. Maintaining indoor humidity at 40%-60% and avoiding prolonged exposure to fans or air conditioning can also help reduce symptoms.
What dietary precautions should I take while on immunosuppressants?While on immunosuppressants, avoid raw foods (such as sashimi or unwashed fresh vegetables) to reduce infection risk, and regularly monitor blood counts. If taking antimalarial drugs like Plaquenil, limit intake of high-mineral foods (such as iron supplements) and follow your doctor’s instructions for retinal examinations.
How can Sjögren's syndrome patients prevent oral and gum infections?Regular dental check-ups every 3-6 months are recommended. Use fluoride mouth rinses to clean gums and choose alcohol-free mouthwashes to avoid mucosal irritation. For severe saliva deficiency, saliva substitutes or sprays under medical guidance can reduce the risk of cavities and periodontal disease.
Can traditional Chinese medicine be combined with Western medical treatments? What risks should be noted?Some patients use acupuncture or herbal medicine to alleviate symptoms, but it is essential to choose qualified practitioners. Avoid herbs that may affect the immune system (such as Angelica or ginseng). When combining TCM and Western medicine, inform your primary physician of all medications to prevent interactions.
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