Acne is a common skin condition affecting millions worldwide. This chronic inflammatory skin disease primarily affects adolescents, but adults can also be affected. Acne not only impacts appearance but can also have negative effects on patients' mental health. Understanding the causes, development process, and treatment options of acne is key to managing this condition.
The formation of acne involves multiple complex factors, including excess sebum production, abnormal keratinization of hair follicles, Propionibacterium acnes infection, and inflammatory responses. Modern medical research shows that genetics, hormonal changes, stress, and environmental factors can all exacerbate the severity of acne. Early diagnosis and timely treatment can effectively control symptoms and reduce the risk of long-term scarring.
The pathogenesis of acne involves several key steps. First, the sebaceous glands overproduce oil, which, combined with keratinocyte debris, blocks the follicular opening, forming closed comedones (whiteheads) or open comedones (blackheads). Second, Propionibacterium acnes proliferates extensively within the blocked follicle, triggering immune responses that lead to red, swollen inflammatory papules and pustules.
Genetic factors play an important role in the development of acne; if there is a family history of severe acne, an individual’s risk may increase by 50-60%. Hormonal changes are also a critical trigger, as increased androgen levels stimulate sebaceous gland activity, explaining why acne worsens during puberty, menstrual cycles, or pregnancy. Other risk factors include:
Acne presents with diverse clinical features, ranging from mild to severe. Non-inflammatory lesions include:
Inflammatory lesions include red, swollen papules, painful pustules, and more severe nodules and cysts. The latter can lead to permanent scars. Acne commonly appears on the face, chest, and back—areas rich in sebaceous glands—with severe cases potentially spreading to the neck and shoulders.
The diagnosis of acne mainly relies on clinical examination. Dermatologists assess the type, number, and severity of skin lesions, typically grading from level 1 (mild comedones) to level 4 (numerous nodules and cysts). Other similar conditions, such as rosacea or drug-induced acne, should be ruled out during diagnosis.
Special tests such as sebum secretion measurement or bacterial cultures are not routinely necessary but may be used in complex cases to evaluate treatment response. Physicians will take a detailed medical history, including family history, recent stressors, medication use, and skincare routines, which help formulate personalized treatment plans.
Treatment strategies are selected based on severity. Mild acne is usually managed with topical medications, including:
Moderate to severe acne may require oral medications, such as:
Other treatments include chemical peels, phototherapy, and microdermabrasion. Doctors will tailor treatment combinations based on age, gender, and medical history. The treatment duration typically lasts several weeks to months.
Daily skincare is crucial for prevention. It is recommended to use non-comedogenic skincare products and avoid oil-based cosmetics. Gentle cleansing with mild products is advised, as over-cleansing can irritate the skin. Measures to reduce risk include:
Diet management has been shown to have a supportive role; high glycemic index foods may exacerbate inflammation. Regular exercise and adequate sleep help regulate hormonal balance and indirectly improve acne. Avoid squeezing lesions to prevent infection spread and scarring.
If self-care does not improve symptoms or if the following conditions occur, seek medical attention promptly:
Professional treatment can prevent scarring. Dermatologists may recommend prescription medications or specialized procedures. Continuous treatment plans require close cooperation between patient and doctor to avoid delays caused by recurrent symptoms.
If acne is severe, with cysts, nodules, or recurrent inflammation causing pain or potential scarring, it is recommended to consult a dermatologist promptly. They can provide laser therapy, oral medications, or topical treatments to prevent infection spread caused by squeezing.
Which dietary components may worsen acne, and how should diet be adjusted?High glycemic index foods (such as refined sugars) and excessive dairy products may stimulate insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), leading to increased sebum production. It is advisable to increase intake of omega-3-rich fish, green leafy vegetables, and reduce high-sugar foods to improve symptoms.
How to avoid triggering acne when using cosmetics?Select products labeled "non-comedogenic," and avoid those containing petrolatum or heavy oily ingredients. Thoroughly remove makeup after use and regularly replace makeup brushes to reduce bacterial growth.
How to alleviate acne worsening due to stress? What methods are effective?Stress stimulates cortisol secretion, which can increase sebaceous gland activity. Daily practices such as 15-minute deep breathing or yoga, maintaining regular sleep, and consulting a doctor for topical retinoids or antibiotics can help control inflammation.
How long does it take for post-inflammatory erythema or pigmentation to fade after acne heals?Post-inflammatory pigmentation usually takes 3-6 months to fade naturally. Products containing vitamin C or arbutin can accelerate recovery. Avoid sun exposure and use SPF30 or higher sunscreen to prevent pigmentation from deepening.
%201.svg)
Copyright © 2025 MedFrontiers. All Rights Reserved.
