Skin cancer is a common malignant tumor with symptoms that vary depending on the type of cancer and the stage of the disease. Early detection of symptoms is crucial for successful treatment, so understanding the typical signs of skin cancer is the first step in prevention and diagnosis. Different types of skin cancer, such as melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma, have distinct characteristic symptoms, but all are related to abnormal skin changes.
Symptoms of skin cancer may primarily involve skin lesions, including new growths, abnormal changes in existing moles, or persistent non-healing ulcers. These changes may be accompanied by noticeable differences in color, shape, size, or texture. Patients experiencing unexplained skin lesions or sudden worsening of existing skin problems should seek professional examination immediately.
Early skin cancer may present as small but noticeable skin changes. The most common early signs include:
The early signs of melanoma are often described by the "ABCDE" rule, used to identify abnormal moles: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter over 6 millimeters, and Evolution in shape or color. These signs may appear alone or in combination, and should be evaluated collectively.
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) often manifests as a translucent or pink nodule with raised edges and a depressed center, possibly accompanied by telangiectasia or bleeding points. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) typically forms a firm plaque that may be keratinized or covered with scaly crusts, feeling rough to the touch.
Melanoma symptoms are more variable, potentially expanding rapidly from existing moles or appearing as new dark patches. These may contain multiple shades (such as black, blue, red), and the surface may be raised or ulcerated. Non-melanoma skin cancers may only present as persistent skin ulcers lasting for weeks, which patients might overlook.
As skin cancer advances, symptoms become more severe as the tumor spreads. Melanoma can enlarge rapidly, with ulcerated areas expanding and healing poorly, and surrounding tissues may swell or lymph nodes become enlarged. If untreated, squamous cell carcinoma can form hard nodules that invade subcutaneous tissues, causing pain or restricted movement.
Although basal cell carcinoma has a lower metastatic rate, its local destructive growth can lead to tissue damage, such as destruction of nasal wings or ear structures. Advanced symptoms may also include systemic signs like unexplained weight loss and persistent fatigue, indicating possible metastasis to other organs.
If any of the following symptoms occur, immediate medical consultation is recommended:
High-risk groups (such as those with a history of sunburn or family history) should undergo professional examination if skin abnormalities are detected, even if symptoms are mild. Doctors may evaluate the severity through dermoscopy, biopsy, or imaging tests. Early medical intervention can significantly improve treatment success rates and prevent tumor spread to lymphatic or internal organs.
Patients should strictly avoid prolonged exposure to ultraviolet rays, use broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher daily, and wear hats, sunglasses, and long-sleeved clothing for added protection. Post-treatment skin may be more sensitive, so it is recommended to choose fragrance-free skincare products and undergo regular comprehensive skin examinations by a dermatologist.
How can I determine if abnormal spots on my skin are early signs of skin cancer?Use the "ABCDE" rule for self-observation: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter larger than 6 millimeters, and Evolution in shape or size. If any of these features are present, seek professional diagnosis immediately.
Does a balanced diet help promote recovery after skin cancer treatment?A balanced diet can enhance immune function and tissue repair. It is advisable to increase intake of antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables (such as blueberries and spinach), high-quality proteins, and healthy fats (like salmon and nuts). Avoid excessive processed foods and alcohol, and follow medical advice on supplementing nutrients like vitamin D or folic acid if necessary.
Should individuals with less sun exposure still worry about skin cancer risk?Even if the skin is darker or prone to tanning after sun exposure, UV damage to DNA can still lead to skin cancer. Darker-skinned individuals have a lower risk, but basal cell carcinoma or melanoma can still occur on less exposed areas, so regular self-examination and screening are recommended.
What is the effectiveness of chemotherapy or immunotherapy for skin cancer?Early skin cancers are usually treated with surgery or local therapies. Advanced or metastatic cases may require immunotherapy or targeted drugs. Immunotherapy can activate the immune system to attack cancer cells but may cause skin inflammation and other side effects. Treatment plans should be individualized based on cancer type and stage by a healthcare professional.
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