Eczema is a common chronic skin condition characterized by skin inflammation, itching, and redness. It can affect individuals of all ages, but the incidence is particularly high in children, with approximately 20% of children affected at some point. Eczema tends to have a relapsing-remitting course, with acute episodes presenting with blisters or crusting, and chronic phases leading to skin thickening. Its etiology is complex, involving interactions among genetic factors, immune system abnormalities, and environmental triggers.
Recent medical research indicates that eczema is not merely a surface skin problem but is also closely related to systemic immune dysregulation. Patients often scratch, leading to secondary infections and creating a vicious cycle. Proper daily care and timely treatment can effectively control symptoms; however, misdiagnosis remains common, with many confusing eczema with general dermatitis. This article provides a comprehensive overview of eczema, covering its causes, symptoms, and preventive measures.
The pathogenesis of eczema involves multiple factors, with genetics playing a key role. Studies show that if one parent has eczema, the risk for their children increases to 60%, and if both parents have a history, the risk exceeds 80%. Specific genes such as mutations in the Filaggrin gene can impair skin barrier function, making it easier for allergens to penetrate the epidermis.
Environmental triggers include temperature changes, chemical irritants, and microbial infections. Dry climates accelerate sebum loss, while contact with fragrances, cleaning agents, and other chemicals can trigger acute episodes. Immune system abnormalities are also central, with abnormal activation of T lymphocytes leading to cytokine imbalance and sustained inflammatory responses.
During acute episodes, patients may develop erythema, vesicles, and exudation, often accompanied by intense itching. The skin may appear moist, and bacterial infections can lead to yellow crusting. Chronic skin changes include lichenification, with thickened, leathery skin and deepened skin markings.
Symptom distribution varies with age: infants commonly have facial and neck involvement; children often have lesions in the flexural areas such as elbows and knees; adults may experience more widespread involvement. Emotional stress has been shown to exacerbate symptoms, a phenomenon known as the
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